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Mediterranean forests are subject to increasing human and climatic pressures, which are particularly marked in the most challenging areas of the Mediterranean basin, characterised by semi-arid to arid climates.

In Europe, where livestock farming has largely replaced wild ungulates over the centuries, dung beetle communities have become highly dependent on domestic herbivore farming practices. They could therefore

Infectious diseases are emerging more frequently these days, in connection with the loss of biodiversity and climate change. They represent a major threat to both wildlife and humans.

The island nature and volcanic origin of the Cape Verde archipelago favour the formation of underwater caves, the preferred habitats of sponges of the Homoscleromorpha class. Until recently, the biodiversity of